1. Meir Sternberg, ‘Polylingualism as Reality and Translation as Mimesis’, Poetics Today, 2 (1981), 221–39. I am indebted to Lawrence Rosenwald’s excellent book, Multilingual America: Language and the Making of American Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), for drawing my attention to this important article.
2. M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Michael Holquist and Caryl Emerson (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), p. 12.
3. F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry: A Study of the Contemporary Situation (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), pp. 77–8.
4. D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love, ed. David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen (London: Penguin, 2007), p. 406. Subsequent page references to the novel will appear in parentheses with the abbreviation WL.
5. As Bethan Jones writes, the poem ‘Strife’ is indicative of Lawrence’s preoccupation with the ‘creative tension of contraries’. The Last Poems of D. H. Lawrence: Shaping a Late Style (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), p. 103. When strife is a thing of two each knows the other in struggle and the conflict is a communion a twoness. But when strife is a thing of one a single ego striving for its own ends and beating down resistances then strife is evil, because it is not strife. (D. H. Lawrence, The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence, ed. Vivian de Sola Pinto and Warren Roberts (London: Penguin, 1993), p. 714)