1. Beatriz Echeverri, La gripe española: La pandemia de 1918–1919 (Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1993), 89.
2. Steven Johnson, Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World (New York: Penguin, 2006), 207.
3. María-Isabel Porras-Gallo, “Ateniéndose a los consejos de los expertos: Los madrileños frente a la gripe durante las epidemias de 1889–90 y de 1918–19,” in De la responsabilidad individual a la culpabilización de la víctima, ed. Luis Montiel and María-Isabel Porras-Gallo (Aranjuez, Spain: Ediciones Doce Calles, 1997), 107.
4. Medina del Campo is actually over 90 miles from the Portuguese border, depending on how one travels, suggesting that epidemiology, geopolitics, and technology all produce distinct maps of Spain according to the logic of their domain. For various case studies of the interconnectedness of these three variables, see Howard Markel, When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics that Have Invaded America since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed (New York: Pantheon, 2004).
5. D. Vicente Rasuero Díez, Datos sintéticos acerca de la epidemia de gripe desarrollada en la provincia de Avila en los años 1918–1919 (Avila, Spain: Sigirano Díaz, 1919), n.p.