1. J. Roberts, History of Europe (London: Penguin, 1997), p. 185.
2. Likewise R.W. Southern in Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (1970), p. 16: “The identification of the church with the whole of organized society is the fundamental feature which distinguishes the Middle Ages from earlier and later periods of history.”
3. Gerald of Wales, De principis instructione liber, RS -21, VIII. Peter of Blois, Letters #14, 139, in Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, J.-P. Migne, ed. 221 vols. (Paris: 1844–1864, 207: 415.
4. Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, Courtiers’ Trifles, M.R. James, C.N.L. Brooke, and R.A.B. Mynors, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983).
5. See also S. Jaeger, The Origins of Courtliness. Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals: 939–1210 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), chapters 3 and 9.