1. Graham Kelly and John Hooper, “Grim Toll of African Refugee Mounts on Spanish Beaches,” <
http://www.guardian.co.uk
/world/2008/jul/13/spain> accessed November 20, 2012.
2. Alan Cowell and Elisabetta Povoledo, “UN Urges Ships to Help Migrants in Mediterranean,” <
http://www.nytimes.com
/2011/05/10/world/africa/10migrants.html?_r=0> accessed November 18, 2012.
3. The journey via the sea is often fatal for many African migrants not only because the boats they use are makeshift and overcrowded but also because these boats are often not equipped with (nor are the migrants knowledgeable of) navigation devices. Consequently, a considerable number of migrants die from hunger, thirst, and even exhaustion. Graham Kelly and John Hooper, “Grim Toll of African Refugee Mounts on Spanish Beaches,” <
http://www.guardian.co.uk
/world/2008/jul/13/spain> accessed November 20, 2012.
4. See Frank Brennan, “Human Rights as a Challenge to National Policies That Exclude Refugees: Two Case Studies from Southeast Asia,” in Driven from Home, 97–114. See also Joe Kelly and James Massola, “Government Reveals Rioting, Mass Breakout of Detainees,” <
http://www.theaustralian.com.au
/news/nation/government-reveals-rioting-mass-breakouts-of-detainees/story-e6frg6nf-1226021185013> accessed July 21, 2012.
5. The number would be even higher if one takes into account the claim of human rights groups that for every migrant found dead, at least ten others are missing in the desert. The figure is also conservative primarily because, as human rights groups in the United States say, agencies typically undercount deaths because of inconsistent classification standards. For example, the statistics, which are usually those given by the Border Patrol to the Department of Homeland Security, often does not count or include those deaths that are reported first to local authorities. See Spencer Hsu, “Border Deaths Are Increasing,” accessed August 20, 2012.