1. Churchill, BBC broadcast, London, 13 May 1945 in David Cannadine (ed.), The Speeches of Winston Churchill (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 262; Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Volume III, The Grand Alliance (London: Cassell, 1950), p. 545. America and Britain both declared war against Japan on 8 Decemberember 1941.
2. The attack on Pearl Harbor continues to be extensively researched. The most comprehensive leading accounts are: Akira Iriye, Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History with Documents and Essays (Boston, MA: Bedford, 1999); William Bruce Johnson, The Pacific Campaign in World War II: From Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal (London: Routledge, 2006); Ronald H. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan (London: Viking, 1984); Iguchi Takeo, Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Perspective from Japan (Tokyo: International House of Japan, 2010); and John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath (London: Methuen, 1982).
3. Audrey Sansbury Talks, A Tale of Two Japans: 10 Years to Pearl Harbor (Brighton: Book Guild Publishing, 2010), p. xi. This ten-year period is generally taken to mean the decade from 1931, starting with Japan’s invasion of Manchuria.
4. See Michael A. Barnhart, ‘Japan’s Economic Security and the Origins of the Pacific War’, Journal of Strategic studies, 4/2 (1981), pp. 105–24. Barnhart convincingly argues that American economic sanctions did not act as the major impetus for Japan to attack Pearl Harbor. Rather it was the internal tension between the Japanese navy and army which pushed Japan to war. See also Michael A. Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987; reprinted 1988) in which his thesis is analysed in more detail and which partially backs up Churchill’s assertion that the ‘immediate cause of the Pacific War was the failure of the Hull-Nomura negotiations’, p. 263.
5. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Volume I, The Gathering Storm (London: Cassell, 1948), pp. 3–15.