1. Ginger S. Frost, Victorian Childhoods, Westport, 2009, p. 68. Frost comments that exposure by muckraking reformers might push the legislature to act, but measures such as the 1871 Brickmaking Act proved similarly difficult to enforce.
2. Clark Nardinelli, Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution, Bloomington, 1990.
3. Review, ‘A Frightful Baby’ from ‘Our Old Home By Nathaniel Hawthorne’, NOTW, 25 October 1863, p. 6.
4. Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution, Harmondsworth, 1984 reprinted edition.
5. Sheila Blackburn, ‘“To be Poor and to be Honest… is the Hardest Struggle of All”: Sweated Needlewomen and Campaigns for Protective Legislation, 1840–1914’, in Beth Harris (ed.) Famine and Fashion: Needlewomen in the Nineteenth Century, London, 2005, pp. 243–54, p. 244.