1. For instance by Smuts and Levinson. See Aaron Smuts, ‘The Paradox of Painful Art’, Journal of Aesthetic Education 41, Fall 2007 and Jerrold Levinson, ‘Emotion in Response to Art: A Survey of the Terrain’, in Emotion and the Arts, ed. Mette Hjort and Sue Laver (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 20–37.
2. Berys Gaut, ‘The Paradox of Horror’, British Journal of Aesthetics 33 (1993): 333–345.
3. Kendall Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), section 7.3.
4. A number of authors have remarked that suffering may be endured gladly and often even ceases to be suffering altogether if seen as meaningful. For instance, Nietzsche writes: ‘Man, the bravest of animals and the one most accustomed to suffering, does not repudiate suffering as such; he desires it, he even seeks it out, provided he is shown a meaning for it, a purpose for it.’ On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, in On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo (New York: Random House, 1967), 3: 28. Viktor Frankl makes an almost identical point in Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006).
5. Noël Carroll, ‘Enjoying Horror Fictions: Reply to Gaut’, British Journal of Aesthetics 35 (1995): 67–72.