1. Peter Berkowitz writes that the late-twentieth-century effort to restore “nineteenth century or classical liberalism, which rigorously limited the state … came to be called libertarianism.” Peter Berkowitz, “Constitutional Conservatism,” Policy Review 153 (February–March 2009): 13.
2. See Robert Heilbroner and Aaron Singer, The Economic Transformation of America: 1600 to the Present, 3rd ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace College, 1994), 26–27.
3. David Boaz, Libertarianism: A Primer (New York: Free Press, 1997).
4. Colin Mooers, The Making of Bourgeois Europe: Absolutism, Revolution, and the Rise of Capitalism in England, France and Germany (New York: Verso, 1991), 33.
5. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1980), 52. Locke admits that “history gives us but a very little account of men” living under this putative state of nature, but he holds that this does not argue against his claim. See ibid., 53–55.