1. See Paul Ramsey, Just War: Force and Political Responsibility (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1983), 19–41 and 143–144.
2. J. Daryl Charles, “Presumption against War or Presumption against Injustice? The Just War Tradition Reconsidered,” Journal of Church and State 47, 2 (Spring 2005): 335–369.
3. Robert L. Holmes, On War and Morality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 1989), 119–120. See also Chapter 2 of this book.
4. J. Warren Smith, “Augustine and the Limits of Preemptive and Preventive War,” Journal of Religious Ethics 35, 1 (March 2007): 154, referring especially to Augustine’s letter to Marcellinus, Epistle 138, 2.14.
5. James Turner Johnson, “The Idea of Defense in Historical and Contemporary Thinking about Just War,” Journal of Religious Ethics 36,4 (December 2008): 548–549.