1. See Muddathir Abd Al-Rahim, “Arabism, Africanism, and Self-Identification in the Sudan.” Journal of Modern African Studies 8:2 (1970): 233–249;
2. Francis M. Deng, War of Visions. Conflict of Identities in the Sudan (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995);
3. Bayeuth African Studies Series;MO Beshir,1984
4. Ann Lesch, The Sudan: Contested Identities (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998);
5. Douglas Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars (London: James Currey, 2006);