1. Johann Gottfried von Pahl, Denkwürdigkeiten aus meinem Leben und aus meiner Zeit. Nach dem Tode des Verfassers herasugegeben von dessen Sohne Wilhelm Pahl (Tübingen, 1840), p. 530.
2. Johann C. Riesbeck, Travels through Germany, in a series of letters; written in German by the Baron Riesbeck, and translated by the Rev. Mr. Maty, vol. 1 (London, 1787), p. 2. Riesback concealed his authorship of the travelogue. It was originally published in Germany in 1783 with the title, Briefe eines reisenden Franzosen über Deutschland an seinen Bruder zu Paris.
3. On the Rhineland before 1789, see T. C. W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany. Occupation and Resistance in the Rhineland, 1792–1802 (Oxford, 1983), pp. 20–63
4. Michael Rowe, From Reich to State. The Rhineland in the Revolutionary Age, 1780–1830 (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 13–47.
5. See Timothy Reuter, ‘The Medieval German Sonderweg? The Empire and its Rulers in the High Middle Ages’ in Kings and Kingship in the Middle Ages, ed. Anne Duggan (London, 1993), pp. 179–211. Geoffrey Barraclough argues in his classic account that the peculiarities of German history lay in the medieval period.