1. Supreme Court of the United States, Gregg v. Georgia, 1428 U.S. 153, No. 74–6257, (1976), section 184.
2. For full discussions of the effects of imprisonment, see Allison Liebling and Shadd Maruna, eds. The Effects of Imprisonment (Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing, 2005)
3. Yvonne Jewkes, eds. Handbook on Prisons (Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing, 2007), 197–324.
4. For these elements of punishment, see Antony Flew, “The Justification of Punishment,” Philosophy, Volume 29, No. 111 (October, 1954), 291–307
5. John McTaggart and Ellis McTaggart, Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), sections 137–160