1. Helen Bosanquet, Rich and Poor (1896; London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1898), p.6
2. E. J. Urwick, Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1904), pp.316–8
3. Stedman Jones, ‘Working-class culture and working-class politics in London, 1870–1900: notes on the remaking of a working class’, Journal of Social History 7:4 (1974), pp.460–508.
4. However, even those who had directly experienced extreme poverty could find their sense of it amplified by cultural works such as Jack London’s The People of the Abyss (1903; Teddington: Echo Library, 2007); Arnold Paice to mother, 25 April 1920, Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Cambridge RCMS 178/5
5. On this issue, see Dwork, War Is Good for Babies, passim; Soloway, ‘Neo-Malthusians, Eugenists, and the declining birth-rate in England, 1900–1918’, Albion 10:3 (1978), pp.264–86