1. In art history, leisure has been fundamental to the most influential accounts of painting in this period, not least those of T. J. Clark, in The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers, rev. edn (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999)
2. Robert Herbert, in Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988).
3. Michelle Penot, ‘On the Formation of the French Working Class’, in Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States, ed. by Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), pp. 71–110 (p. 91).
4. See Alain Cottereau, ‘The Distinctiveness of Working-Class Cultures in France, 1848–1900’, in Working-Class Formation, ed. by Katznelson and Zolberg, pp. 111–54; and Lenard R. Berlanstein, ‘The Distinctiveness of the Nineteenth-Century French Labor Movement’, Journal of Modern History, 64 (1992), 660–85.
5. See Lucien Febvre, ‘Travail: évolution d’un mot et d’une idée’, Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, 41 (1948), 19–28 (19).