1. The regulation was modified and revived in 1909 to suppress papers amid growing public discontent and nationalist political activities that threatened the stability of the occupation. See Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 174.
2. H. Hamilton Fyfe, The New Spirit in Egypt (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1911), 113.
3. Ami Ayalon, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 52. From
4. Thomas Philipp, The Syrians in Egypt 1725–1975 (Stuttgart, 1985), 91–92, 96–100, who claims about 20 percent of all papers published in Egypt between 1800 and 1914 were founded by Syrians.
5. See Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).