1. See Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 139, and the analysis of Ayşe Buğra in “Karl Polanyi et la séparation institutionnelle entre politique et économie,” Raisons politiques, 20 (November 2005): 37–56.
2. Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800, trans. Miriam Kochan (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973);
3. Pierre Rosanvallon, Le capitalisme utopique. Histoire de l’idée de marché (Paris: Le Seuil, 1999; first published, 1979).
4. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–9, ed. Michel Senellart; trans. Graham Burchell (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), lecture of January 17, 1979 (p. 30): Foucault also states that government “must produce” freedom (same lecture, p. 63) and that this production and this management of freedom constitute “the conditions for the creation of a formidable body of legislation and an incredible range of governmental interventions to guarantee production of the freedom needed in order to govern” (lecture of January 24, 1979, pp. 64–5).
5. Max Weber, Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretative Sociology, (Berkeley: University of Chicago Press, 1978). The French translations of this work have led to significant misunderstandings of the kind I mention: for a critique of these translations, see Jean-Pierre Grossein, “Max Weber ‘à la française’? De la nécessité d’une critique des traductions,” Revue française de sociologie, 46–4 (2005): 883–904. However, we should perhaps qualify the importance of the “national” factor in these selective interpretations of Weber and bring out more clearly the ideological vector, as is demonstrated, a contrario, by Claude Lefort’s reading (in “What is Bureaucracy?” in