1. In general this article derives from R. Ross (2014), The Borders of Race in Colonial South Africa: The Kat River Settlement, 1829–1856 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
2. J. Parkington and S. Hall (2010) ‘The Appearance of Food Production in Southern Africa: 1,000 to 2,000 Years ago’, in C. Hamilton, B. Mbenga and R. Ross (eds), The Cambridge History of South Africa, Vol. I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), and also R. Ross (2010) ‘Khoesan and Immigrants: The Emergence of Colonial Society at the Cape, 1500 to 1800’, in ibid.
3. G. Harinck (1969) ‘Interaction Between Xhosa and Khoi: Emphasis on the Period 1620–1750’, in L. Thompson (ed.), African Societies in Southern Africa (London: Heinemann);
4. J. Peires (1982) The House of Phalo: a History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence (Johannesburg: Ravan);
5. R. Ross (1980) ‘Ethnic Identity, Demographic Crises and Xhosa-Khoikhoi Interaction’, History in Africa, VII, pp. 259–71.