1. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy (New York: Academic Press, 1974), p. 42.
2. Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 226.
3. The ‘bullion sink’ concept is developed in the following: R.C. Blitz, ‘Mercantilist Policies and the Pattern of World Trade’, Journal of Economic History, 27 (1967), pp. 39–55; John Maynard Keynes, Indian Currency and Finance (London: Macmillan, 1913); Charles Kindleberger, Spenders and Hoarders (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989).
4. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000); Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient. Global economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); R. Bin Wong, China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); J ean-Laurent Rosenthal and R. Bin Wong, Before and Beyond Divergence. The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011). The California School also informs these more general works: Robert B. Marks, The Origins of the Modern World. A Global and Ecological Narrative (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), and Jack Goldstone, Why Europe? The Rise of the West in World History 1500–1800 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008).
5. Not an unchallenged orthodoxy. For critiques, see: Peer Vries, Via Peking to Manchester. Britain, the Industrial Revolution, and China (Leiden: Research School CNWS, 2003); Peer Vries, ‘The California School and Beyond: How To Study the Great Divergence?’ History Compass 8 (2010), pp. 730–51; Peter Coclanis, Jan de Vries, Philip Hoffman, R. Bin Wong, Kenneth Pomeranz, ‘A Forum on Kenneth Pomeranz’s “The Great Divergence”’, Historically Speaking 12 (September, 2011), pp. 10–25.