1. William J. Breen, Uncle Sam at Home: Civilian Mobilization, Wartime Federalism, and the Council of National Defense, 1911–1919 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984), 9, 13, 22–23.
2. Newspaper clipping (Jan. 18, 1918), Folder 2137, Box 12, RG 165 [War Department General and Special Staffs], National Archives, Seattle, WA; newspaper clipping (Feb. 4, 1918); Emergency Fleet News, Feb. 28, 1918, pp. 1–2; Mar. 18, 1918, p. 1; William J. Breen, Labor Market Politics and the Great War: The Department of Labor, the States, and the First U.S. Employment Service, 1907–1933 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1997), 85.
3. “Plan for the Organization and Administration of the Smith-Hughes Act,” Oregon Plans 1917–18 folder, Box 189, Entry 82, RG 12 [Department of Education], National Archives, College Park, MD; on the transformative nature of the Smith-Hughes Act, see Willis Rudy, Building America’s Schools and Colleges: The Federal Contribution (Cranbury, NJ: Cornwall Books, 2003), Chapter 7; Johnson No. 51 to Mr. Carris (June 12–13, 1918), Johnson—Oregon 1918 folder, Box 38, Entry 82B, RG 12; for descriptions of the city’s new vocational schools, see the brochure Portland Secondary Schools: Opportunities Offered, Stanley 1919 Oregon folder.
4. On federal housing policy, see Curtice N. Hitchcock, “The War Housing Program and Its Future,” Journal of Political Economy 27 (Apr. 1919): 241–279;
5. on the EFC and housing specifically, see Kristin M. Szylvian, “Industrial Housing Reform and the Emergency Fleet Corporation,” Journal of Urban History 25 (July 1999): 647–689.