1. See Edward J. Mullen, Afro-Cuban Literature: Critical Junctures ( Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998 ).
2. See William W. Megenney, “The Black in Hispanic-Caribbean and Brazilian Poetry: A Comparative Perspective,” Revista Interamericana Review 5 (1975): 47–66.
3. Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade (A Census) ( Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969 ), 46.
4. José Juan Arrom, “La poesi a afrocubana,” Revista Iberoamericana 4 (1942): 379–411.
5. Cited in Lorna Williams, The Representation of Slavery in Cuban Fiction ( Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994 ), 9.