1. See, for example, Hala Fattah, The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900 (Albany: SUNY Press, 1997)
2. Jacqueline Ismael, Kuwait: Dependency and Class in a Rentier State (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993)
3. and Frederick F. Anscombe, The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
4. Frank Broeze, “Kuwait Before Oil: The Dynamics and Morphology of an Arab Port City,” in Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia in the 13th–20th Centuries, ed. Frank Broeze (London: Kegan Paul International, 1997), 180.
5. Yaqub Yousef al-Ghunaim, Sheikh Ahmed Aljabir wa Mas’alat al-Hudud al-Kuwaytiyya (Kuwait, 1999), 10