1. Plutarch (ca. AD 100). Quoted in Douglas A. Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996). 11.
2. Charles-Louis Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (New York: Hafner, 1966 [17481), 316.
3. Malthus formulated this policy when referring to corn, in Thomas Malthus (1814). Cited in James P. Huzel, The Popularisation of Malthus in Early Nineteenth-Century England: Martineau, Cobbett and the Pauper Press (United Kingdom: Ashgate, 2006), 31. However, in Malthus’s subsequent publication, Grounds of an Opinion on the Policy of Restricting the Importation of Foreign Corn, 1815, he took a firm position toward advocating government intervention in the sector, in Huzel, The Popularisation of Malthus in Early Nineteenth-Century England, 32.
4. See: Richard Cobden, The Political and Economic Works of Richard Cobden, 6 vols. (London: Routledge, 1995 [1846]);
5. John Bright, Speeches on Questions of Public Policy (Virginia: Macmillan, 1883);