1. Bernard Lewis, The political language of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 17.
2. Fred Halliday, “The politics of the Umma: states and community in Islamic movements,” Mediterranean Politics 7, no. 3 (2002): p. 23.
3. Tamim al-Barghouti, The Umma and the Dawla: the nation state and the Arab Middle East (London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2008), p. 37.
4. Said Bensaid, “Al Watan and Al Umma in contemporary Arab use,” in The Foundations of the Arab state: nation, state, and integration in the Arab world, ed. Ghassane Salamé (London; New York: Croom Helm, 1987), p. 167.
5. Nairn Qassem, Hizbullah: the story from within, Updated ed. (London: Saqi, 2010). p. 59.