1. For instance, see Robert Litwak, Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Containment after the Cold War (Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); Jeffrey Fields, “Adversaries and Statecraft: Explaining US Foreign Policy towards Rogue States,” PhD thesis, University of Southern California, 2007; Tim Niblock, Pariah States and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
2. For example, see Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007); Stephen Walt and John Mearsheimer, The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2007); Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008); Hossein Alikhani, Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed Policy (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000). Gerges takes a different tack to all of the above, in that his analysis is focused on American policy toward the various Islamist movements on the rise in the Middle East in the 1980s and 1990s, in order to examine the basis of US foreign policy when it comes to Islamist groups and states like Iran. See Fawaz Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
3. Derek Chollet and James Goldgeier, America between the Wars: From 11/9 to 9/11: The Misunderstood Years between the Fall of the Berlin Wall and the Start of the War on Terror (New York: Public Affairs, 2008).
4. Rosemary Hollis, “The US Role: Helpful or Harmful?,” in Lawrence Potter and Gary Sick (eds.), Iran, Iraq and the Legacies of War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 209.
5. For instance, see Richard Haass, “Paradigm Lost,” Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1 (1995): 43–58.