1. Randall McGowen and Daniel Gordon, ‘Introduction’, Historical Reflexions/ Réflexions Historiques 29 (2003), 190.
2. J. A. Sharpe, Judicial Punishment in England (London, 1990), p. 28; Barbara A. Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict in English Communities (London, 1979).
3. Esther Cohen, ‘”To Die a Criminal for the Public Good”: The Execution Ritual in Late Medieval Paris’, in Bernard S. Bachrach and David Nicholas (eds), Law, Custom and the Social Fabric in Medieval Europe: Essays in Honor of Bruce Lyon (Kalamazoo, 1990), p. 299; Esther Cohen, The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France (Leiden, 1993), pp. 181–201.
4. J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England 1550–1750 (2nd edn, London, 1999), pp. 90–2. A similar pattern is identified by Philip Jenkins, ‘From Gallows to Prison? The Execution Rate in Early Modern England’, Criminal Justice History 7 (1986), 52, 56, 61.
5. Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987 (Oxford, 1996), p. 42.