1. One study breaks the discussion down into “domains.” Foundational sciences include information technology, synthetic biology, and neuroscience while application domains include robotics and autonomous systems, prosthetics and human enhancement, cyber weapons, and non-lethal weapons. Jean-Lou Chameau, William F. Ballhaus, Herbert S. Lin eds. Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security: A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues (Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2014), 31–32.
2. Daniel Ratner, Mark A. Ratner, Nanotechnology and Homeland Security, New Weapons for New Wars (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc., 2004), 8.
3. John Petersen and Daniel Egan, “Small Security: Nanotechnology and Future Defense,” Defense Horizons 8 (March 2008) as cited in
4. Armin Krishnan, Killer Robots, Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009), 85.
5. House Armed Services Committee. “Statement by Dr. Tony Tether, Director Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats, and Capabilities House Armed Services Committee, United States House of Representatives” (March 27, 2003) as cited in Moreno, Mind Wars, 11.