1. On the concept of “inner civil war” with specific reference to the Confederacy, see David Williams, Bitterly Divided: The South’s Inner Civil War (New York: Norton, 2008).
2. For an analogous concept with reference to post-unification southern Italy, see especially John Davis, “The South and the Risorgimento: Histories and Counter-Histories,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 19:1 (2014), 53–61.
3. See Don H. Doyle, Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003),
4. and Don H. Doyle, ed., Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America’s Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010);
5. Enrico Dal Lago, Agrarian Elites: American Slaveholders and Southern Italian Landowners, 1815–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005);