1. T. L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005).
2. M. Kamrava, “Preserving Non-Democracies: Leaders and State Institutions in the Middle East,” Middle East Studies, 42, 2 (2010) 231–250.
3. M. Fandy, (Un)Civil War of Words: Media and Politics in the Arab World (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007).
4. P. Seib, The Al Jazeera Effect: How the New Global Media are Reshaping World Politics (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2008), p. 147.
5. J. Windsor and B. Katulis, “Three Keys to the Cowed Arab Media,” The Daily Star, May 17, 2005, http://www.freedomhouse.org /template.cfm?page=72&release=289; I Nawar, “Arab Media Lagging Behind,” Media Development, 2 (2007) 21–26.