1. Brian McAllister Linn, The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989); and Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2000).
2. Andrew J. Birtle, U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine 1860–1941 (Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History, 1998);
3. Adna R. Chaffee, Reports on Military Operations in South Africa and China (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901), 340.
4. Ibid., 2327; Congressional Record—Senate, May 27, 1902, 5971; Canning Eyot, ed., The Story of the Lopez Family: A Page from the History of the War in the Philippines (Boston: James H. West Company, 1904), 112.
5. Andrew J. Birtle, “The U.S. Army’s Pacification of Marinduque, Philippine Islands, April 1900-April 1901,” Journal of Military History 61 (1997): 255–282.