1. P. Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 122–7; A. Fraser, The Gypsies, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), pp. 132–6 and p. 171, makes the point that ‘gypsy’ replaced the earlier‘Egyptian’ only in the 1713 law; A. L. Beier, Masterless Men: the Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640 (London: Methuen, 1985). See some prosecutions of gypsies in Yorkshire in 1655, PRO ASSI 47/20/6 NE Circuit Gaol Book, 17 March 1655: four gypsies called Holland acquitted; note the use of transportation as a response to political rebellion in the seventeenth century.
2. A. E. Smith, Colonists in Bondage. White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607–1776 (New York: Norton, 1971, originally University of North Carolina Press, 1947), p. 92; Slack, Poverty and Policy, p. 127; Beier, Masterless Men, p. 162, points out that in fact most were sent to the American colonies.
3. Joanna Innes, ‘The Role of Transportation in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century English Penal Practice’, in Carl Bridge (ed.), New Perspectives inAustralian History (London: Institute for Commonwealth Studies, Occasional Papers no. 5, 1990) pp. 8–9; see below for Devon’s policies towards vagrants at quarter sessions after 1718; Paul Griffiths, ‘Masterless Young People in Norwich, 1560–1645’, in P. Griffiths, A. Fox and S. Hindle (eds), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press [now Palgrave Macmillan], 1996), 146–86.
4. Michael J. Rozbicki, ‘To Save Them from Themselves: Proposals to Enslave the British Poor, 1698–1755’, Slavery and Abolition 22 (2) (2001), 29–50, p. 43.
5. P. W. Coldham, The Complete Book of Emigrants in Bondage, 1614–1775 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988); Coldham, King’s Passengers.