Abstract
Modern society makes extensive use of concrete for construction. The demand for concrete is increasing daily as a result of the expansion of urbanization and industrialization. To produce concrete, a lot of raw materials and natural resources are needed. A significant quantity of industrial waste, agricultural waste, and other types of solid material disposal are simultaneously creating significant environmental problems. The use of artificial wastes as supplementary materials, the source of which are both reliable and suitable for alternative preventive solutions, promotes the environmental sustainability of the industry by minimizing and reducing the negative effect of the concrete industry due to the explosive usage of raw materials. Recent use of such products to be utilized as a partial replacement for Portland cement (PC) in cementitious systems is investigated in terms of material qualities and the extent to which they can be replaced in cementitious systems. In particular, Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) can improve material qualities such as flowability, strength and durability. Conventional concrete was utilized as the design mix proportion, with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the cement being replaced with industrial waste such as fly ash and hypo sludge. The test's 30% replacement level produced the best compressive stress when waste paper was used, where strength is less important or where the construction is only expected to be used temporarily, and design mix proportions up to 40% replacement can also be used. The optimal level of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) replacement in concrete is 10%, which has been shown to significantly increase compressive strength at 28 days when compared to the control mix. It reveals that the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete, used as a concrete control in this investigation, has a higher compressive strength than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Concrete. This paper examines the potential application of industrial and agricultural wastes as additional cementitious material in the manufacture of concrete. It focuses on describing the engineering, physical, and chemical properties of these wastes to demonstrate the concept of using them. This gives an overview of the knowledge that is now available regarding the successful use of synthetic wastes in the concrete industry, including fly ash, slag, silica fume, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, sugar cane bagasse ash, wood waste ash, and bamboo leaf ash.