The characterization of clay-organic systems

Abstract

AbstractThe importance of a number of techniques (including1H and13C NMR, XRD and IR) in exploring the important catalytic properties of synthetic and natural clays is described. A clear distinction is observed between proven catalytically-active clays (e.g. Al-exchanged) and those which are generally less effective (e.g. Na-exchanged).13C NMR spectroscopy is used to identify directly products formed within the interlayer regions, and temperature-controlled powder XRD serves as a useful tool for identifying whether or not intercalation occurs under variously defined conditions. High-pressure XRD is used to verify the formation of different products during reaction.