1. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 10th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, U.S.A.
2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, 557 Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, U.S.A.
3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A.
4. Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics, Department of Natural Resources and Society, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1133, Moscow, Idaho 83844, U.S.A.
5. McCall Outdoor Science School, University of Idaho, McCall, Idaho 83638, USA
6. Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U.S.A.