Neurophysiological and morphological features of the formation of the pathological hippocampal system in structural epilepsy (Literature review)

Abstract

Modern scientific research shows that often violations of the structure and function of the hippocampus can lead to the onset of epilepsy. The hippocampal formation and the amygdala are important anatomical structures involved in the development of local discharges of epileptiform activity and temporal lobe epilepsy. It accounts for up to 25 % of all epileptic syndromes, and among locally caused symptomatic epilepsy — up to 60–70 %. At the same time, temporal lobe epilepsy is considered as a pathology with an initial imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of the neocortex, which occurs under the influence of various endoand exogenous factors during early embryogenesis. The scientific literature presents various pathophysiological theories of exactly how the hippocampus is involved in the development of epileptic seizures. Anatomically, the hippocampus has a relatively poor blood supply, and inhibitory interneurons are deep intraparenchymal structures, making them more susceptible to factors such as hypoxia, ischemia, and oxidative stress. This article addresses issues related not only to changes in the structure and function of the hippocampus, but also aspects of neu rophysiological diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, an evidence base is provided on the possibility of achieving remission of seizures after the use of neurosurgical methods of treatment.