Local Complementarity of Wind and Solar Energy Resources over Europe: An Assessment Study from a Meteorological Perspective

Abstract

AbstractTo assess the possibility of a combined use of solar and wind energy over Europe, a continental-scale dataset, with high spatial and temporal resolution and covering three years of data (2012–14), is analyzed. The 100-m wind is taken from the ECMWF analyses/short-range forecasts. To obtain hourly values of potentially generated electricity, wind is transformed into normalized electricity-generation data by considering a normalized output function representing the most common wind turbines available in the European market. A strong monthly variation is present, showing the maximum potential at high latitudes in winter and shifting to specific areas in the Mediterranean Sea region in summer. Hourly data for solar radiation are extracted from the satellite-retrieval scheme of the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). The energy output of photovoltaic systems is calculated by considering the amount of solar radiation that arrives at the surface of the photovoltaic modules. Together with the main functional dependence on latitude, the photovoltaic potential depends also on longitude, as a consequence of the average pressure patterns. Last, the local correlation of wind and solar resources is assessed. For hourly data, a weak anticorrelation prevails in the domain, suggesting a degree of local complementarity of the two sources in many regions. A strong effect from the diurnal cycle is observed in some regions. Also, a significant dependence on the month (higher absolute values in summer) and on the time scale (increase in absolute value with the extension of the time window that is considered for the correlation) is apparent.