1. Faculty of Science, and Center for Natural Hazards Research, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
2. Atmosphere Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
3. Obihiro Weather Station, Japan Meteorological Agency, Obihiro, Japan
4. Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
5. Tokio Marine and Nichido Risk Consulting Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan