Do local perceptions of climate variability and changes correspond to observed climate changes? – a comparative study from Nepal as one of the most climate vulnerable countries

Abstract

Abstract This study explored people’s perceptions of climate change by conducting interviews and focus group discussions with local residents of three ecological regions of Nepal, i.e., Mountain, Mid-hills and Low-land. Climatic measurements from meteorological stations of the regions were acquired for the period of 1988 to 2018. We compared the people’s perception with trends and variabilities of observed temperature and rainfall patterns. The results showed that over the last three decades, temperature and precipitation trends, and variability between regions varied largely corroborating with the local experiences. The temperature increased in Mountain, Mid-hills, and Low-land by 0.061° C yr−1, 0.063° C yr−1 and 0.017° C yr−1 respectively. On the contrary, rainfall reduced by −9.7 mm yr−1, −3.6 mm yr−1, and −0.04 mm yr−1 for the regions respectively. While the amount of rainfall decrease observed in the Mountain was highest, its variability was found relatively low; and vice-versa in Low-land. Approximately 88% interviewees perceived temperature rise, and 74% noticed rainfall decline. Local residents linked these changes with their livelihood activities and exemplified with, for example, crop’s quality and quantity; and birds’ migration. The results indicate that local understandings complement the scarce observational data and provides a reliable and additional foundations to determine changes in climatic variables. Moreover, the result infers that the small changes in climate variables have noticeable implications on human behavior change. Therefore, besides active participation of local communities, integrating local understanding is crucial in developing climate change related policies and strategies at local and national levels.