1. a Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
2. b Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
3. c Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
4. d NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
5. e Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
6. f College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
7. g Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
8. h Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
9. i School of Geography, Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, and Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China
10. j Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
11. k School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China