Indonesian Throughflow Slowdown under Global Warming: Remote AMOC Effect versus Regional Surface Forcing

Abstract

Abstract The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is projected to slow down under anthropogenic warming. Several mechanisms—some mutually conflicting—have been proposed but the detailed processes causing this slowdown remain unclear. By turning on/off buoyancy and wind forcings globally and in key regions, this study investigates the dynamical adjustments underlying the centennial ITF slowdown in the global oceans and climate models. Our results show that the projected weakened ITF transport in the top 1500 m is dominated by remote anomalous buoyancy forcing in the North Atlantic Ocean. Specifically, surface freshening and warming over the North Atlantic Ocean slow the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and the resultant dynamic signals propagate through the coastal-equatorial waveguide into the southeastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, causing the reduction of ITF transport over a deep layer. In contrast, the anomalous surface buoyancy flux in the Indo-Pacific affects the ocean temperature and salinity in a shallow upper layer, resulting in ITF changes in forms of high baroclinic mode structure with negligible impacts on the net ITF transport. A vertical partitioning index is proposed to distinguish the remote forcing via the AMOC and regional forcing in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, which could be useful for monitoring, attributing, and predicting the changing ITF transport under global warming.