Development of an Extreme Wind-Driven Rain Climatology for the Southeastern United States Using 1-Min Rainfall and Peak Wind Speed Data

Author:

Belcher Brian N.1,DeGaetano Arthur T.1ORCID,Masters Forrest J.2,Crandell Jay3,Morrison Murray J.4

Affiliation:

1. a Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

2. b Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

3. c Ares Consulting, Shady Side, Maryland

4. d Insurance Institute for Building and Home Safety, Richburg, South Carolina

Abstract

Abstract A method is presented to obtain the climatology of extreme wind speeds coincident with the occurrence of rain. The simultaneous occurrence of wind and rain can force water through building wall components such as windows, resulting in building damage and insured loss. To quantify this hazard, extreme value distributions are fit to peak 3-s wind speed data recorded during 1-min intervals with specific reported rain intensities. This improves upon previous attempts to quantify the wind-driven rain hazard that computed wind speed and rainfall-intensity probabilities independently and used hourly data that cannot assure the simultaneous occurrence of peak wind that represents only a several-second interval within the hour and rain that is accumulated over the entire hour. The method is applied across the southeastern United States, where the wind-driven rain hazard is most pronounced. For the lowest rainfall intensities, the computed wind speed extremes agree with published values that ignore rainfall occurrence. Such correspondence is desirable for aligning the rain-intensity-dependent wind speed return periods with established extreme wind statistics. Maximum 50-yr return-period wind speeds in conjunction with rainfall intensities ≥0.254 mm min−1 exceed 45 m s−1 in a swath from Oklahoma to the Gulf Coast and at stations along the immediate Atlantic coast. For rainfall intensities >2.54 mm min−1 maximum, 50-yr return-period wind speeds decrease to 35 m s−1 but occur over a similar area. The methodology is also applied to stations outside the Southeast to demonstrate its applicability for incorporating the wind-driven rain hazard in U.S. building standards. Significance Statement Rainfall driven horizontally by strong winds can penetrate building components and cladding. If unmanaged, this can directly damage the building and its contents and become a substantial component of insured losses to buildings. A climatology of wind-driven rain is developed from recently available 1-min weather observations that better represent the joint occurrence of the extremes that define wind-driven rain occurrence than hourly data. This work is a first implementation of 1-min data into extreme-value statistical models, providing a basis for including wind-driven rain in United States building codes. This inclusion would be most significant in the hurricane-prone regions of the southeastern United States. The omission of wind-driven rain in U.S. building codes contrasts to its inclusion in Europe and Canada.

Funder

Florida Hurricane Research Advisory Committee

Insurance Institute for Home & Building Safety

NOAA NESDIS

Publisher

American Meteorological Society

Subject

Atmospheric Science

Reference48 articles.

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3. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2021: Criteria for moisture-control design analysis in buildings. ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum a to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 160-2016. ASHRAE, 7 pp., https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/standards%20and%20guidelines/standards%20addenda/160_2016_a_20210630.pdf.

4. Review of literature on performance of coastal residential buildings under hurricane conditions and lessons learned;Amini, M.,2020

5. Applied Building Technology Group, 2015: Water-resistive barriers: Assuring consistent assembly water-penetration resistance. ABTG Research Rep. 1504-03, 6 pp., https://www.appliedbuildingtech.com/rr/1504-03.

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