1. a Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
2. b School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
3. c Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
4. d Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York
5. e Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China