1. Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
2. Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
3. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
4. Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
5. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
6. Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan