1. From Heart and Vascular Institute (R.L.K., A.A., L.L., C.S., J.J.T.); Artificial Heart Program (M.C., R.S., K.L., N.K., E.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Bioengineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY (M.A.K.); and Department of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.A.Z.).