Potentiation of the Vascular Response to Kinins by Inhibition of Myocardial Kininases

Abstract

Abstract —Inhibitors of angiotensin I–converting enzyme (ACE) are very efficacious in the potentiation of the actions of bradykinin (BK) and are able to provoke a B 2 receptor–mediated vasodilation even after desensitization of this receptor. Because this activity cannot be easily explained only by an inhibition of kinin degradation, direct interactions of ACE inhibitors with the B 2 receptor or its signal transduction have been hypothesized. To clarify the significance of degradation-independent potentiation, we studied the vasodilatory effects of BK and 2 degradation-resistant B 2 receptor agonists in the isolated rat heart, a model in which ACE and aminopeptidase P (APP) contribute equally to the degradation of BK. Coronary vasodilation to BK and to a peptidic (B6014) and a nonpeptidic (FR190997) degradation-resistant B 2 agonist was assessed in the presence or absence of the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat, the APP inhibitor mercaptoethanol, or both. Ramiprilat or mercaptoethanol induced leftward shifts in the BK dose-response curve (EC 50 =3.4 nmol/L) by a factor of 4.6 or 4.9, respectively. Combined inhibition of ACE and APP reduced the EC 50 of BK to 0.18 nmol/L (ie, by a factor of 19) but potentiated the activity of B6014 (EC 50 =1.9 nmol/L) only weakly without altering that of FR190997 (EC 50 =0.34 nmol/L). Desensitization of B 2 receptors was induced by the administration of BK (0.2 μmol/L) or FR190997 (0.1 μmol/L) for 30 minutes; the vascular reactivity to ramiprilat or increasing doses of BK was tested thereafter. After desensitization with BK, but not FR190997, an additional application of ramiprilat provoked a B 2 receptor–mediated vasodilation. High BK concentrations were still effective at the desensitized receptor. The process of desensitization was not altered by ramiprilat. These results show that in this model, all potentiating actions of ACE inhibitors on kinin-induced vasodilation are exclusively related to the reduction in BK breakdown and are equivalently provoked by APP inhibition. The desensitization of B 2 receptors is overcome by increasing BK concentrations, either directly or through the inhibition of ACE. These observations do not suggest any direct interactions of ACE inhibitors with the B 2 receptor or its signal transduction but point to a very high activity of BK degradation in the vicinity of the B 2 receptor in combination with a stimulation-dependent reduction in receptor affinity.