Distinct and Combined Vascular Effects of ACE Blockade and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition in Hypertensive Subjects

Abstract

Abstract —Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are frequently associated with elevated sympathetic activity. Both are independent cardiovascular risk factors and both affect endothelium-mediated vasodilation. To identify the effects of cholesterol-lowering and antihypertensive treatments on vascular reactivity and vasodilative capacity, we studied 30 hypercholesterolemic hypertensive subjects. They received placebo for 4 weeks, either enalapril or simvastatin for 14 weeks, and, finally, both medications for an additional 14 weeks. Postischemic forearm blood flow (MFBF) and minimal vascular resistance (mFVR) were used as indices of vasodilative capacity and structural vascular damage, respectively. Total (resting-stress-recovery phases) cardiovascular (blood pressure [BP] and heart rate [HR]) and regional hemodynamic (FBF and FVR) reactivity to stressful stimuli were calculated as area-under-the-curve (auc) (value×time). Compared with baseline levels, simvastatin reduced total (TOT-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (1.27 mmol/L, P <0.001 and 1.33 mmol/L, P <0.001, respectively). Enalapril also reduced TOT-C and LDL-C (0.6 mmol/L, P <0.001 and 0.58 mmol/L, P <0.05, respectively). MFBF was increased substantially by both treatments ( P <0.001). Enalapril had a greater effect (−1.7 arbitrary units (AU), P <0.001) than simvastatin (−0.6 AU, P <0.05) on mFVR. During stress, FBF increased more with enalapril (4.4 FBF×minutes, P <0.001) than with simvastatin (1.8 FBF×minutes, P <0.01). Conversely, FVR stress response was reduced more with enalapril (9.1 FVR×minutes, P <0.001) than with simvastatin (2.9 FVR×minutes, P <0.01). During combination treatment, a significant (0.001> P <0.05) additive effect on hypercholesterolemia, structural vascular damage, BP, and FVR was shown. The findings suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition induces a larger reduction than HMG-CoA reductase blockade in vascular reactivity and structural damage in hypercholesterolemic hypertensive subjects.