Increased CD8 + T Cells Associated With Chlamydia pneumoniae in Symptomatic Carotid Plaque

Abstract

Background and Purpose — The presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae has been reported in carotid atheroma, but its causative effect in the activation of an atherosclerotic plaque to a prothrombotic state remains unproved. Antigen- mediated activation of T lymphocytes within plaque may represent a mechanism by which infection can result in plaque conversion. The goal of the present study was to characterize the T-cell subtype profile related to the presence of C pneumoniae in patients with symptomatic versus asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Methods — We studied 14 plaques (5 symptomatic and 9 asymptomatic) positive for C pneumoniae confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and 14 plaques (6 symptomatic and 8 asymptomatic) from age- and stenosis-matched patients negative for C pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction. T-cell subpopulations of T-helper, T-cytotoxic, and T-memory lymphocytes were identified through indirect enzyme immunohistochemistry with anti-CD3+, anti-CD4+, anti-CD8+, and anti-CD45RO+ monoclonal antibodies, respectively. Results are expressed as the number of positive cells per millimeter squared. Results — In the absence of C pneumoniae , symptomatic plaques had a modest but significant increase of CD3+ (89.6 versus 55.3, P =0.013), CD4+ (57.3 versus 32.7, P =0.01), and CD45RO+ (82.8 versus 43.7, P =0.007), but not CD8+ T cells (28.5 versus 25.5, P =0.245) compared with asymptomatic. However, in the presence of C pneumoniae , there was significant increase of all T-lymphocyte subtypes in symptomatic plaques, including CD8+ (76.8 versus 30.3, P =0.03), CD3+ (192.1 versus 80.4, P =0.004), CD4+ (111.9 versus 37.9, P =0.003), and CD45RO+ (120.2 versus 72.9, P =0.003) cells compared with asymptomatic plaques. With use of 2-way ANOVA, both the presence of chlamydia and symptoms were associated with significantly higher T-cell counts ( P <0.005 for all subtypes). Conclusions — Although all patients with symptomatic disease show a modest elevation in the concentration of intraplaque lymphocytes, a preferential increase in CD8+ class I-restricted T cells is observed in symptomatic carotid plaque positive for C pneumoniae . These data provide incentive to further explore the role of Chlamydia in the modification of immune-mediated mechanisms in active atherosclerotic plaque.