Pulsatile Compression of the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Hypertension

Abstract

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been known to be a major regulating center of sympathetic and cardiovascular activities. An association between essential hypertension and neurovascular compression of the RVLM has been reported in clinical observations, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. To reconfirm this relationship, we performed MRI using a high-resolution 512×512 matrix in patients with essential and secondary hypertension and in normotensive subjects. The duration of hypertension and the degree of organ damage by hypertension were not significantly different between the two hypertension groups. Neurovascular compression of the RVLM was observed in 74% of the essential hypertension group, and the incidence of compression was significantly higher than in the secondary hypertension group (11%) or in the normotensive group (13%) ( P <.01). These results from the clinical studies suggest that neurovascular compression of the RVLM is, at least in part, causally related to essential hypertension. Although blood pressure elevation by pulsatile compression of the RVLM in an experimental baboon model has already been reported, its underlying mechanism is not well known. Accordingly, we performed experiments to investigate whether pulsatile compression of the RVLM would increase arterial pressure and to elucidate the mechanism of the pressor response in rats. Sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine were increased by pulsatile compression of the RVLM. The pressor response was abolished by intravenous treatment with hexamethonium or RVLM injection of kainic acid. In summary, the results from the MRI studies suggest that neurovascular compression of the RVLM is, at least in part, causally related to essential hypertension. This was supported by the results from experimental studies using rats indicating that pulsatile compression of the RVLM increases arterial pressure by enhancing sympathetic outflow.