Neuroprotective Effect of Mild Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract

Background Neuropsychological deficits occur in 30% to 80% of patients undergoing heart surgery and are due in part to ischemic cerebral injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. We tested whether mild hypothermia, the most efficacious neuroprotective strategy found in laboratory studies, improved cognitive outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Methods and Results Patients 60 years or older scheduled for coronary artery surgery were enrolled. During cardiopulmonary bypass, patients were initially cooled to 32°C then randomly assigned to rewarming to 37°C (control) or 34°C (hypothermic), with no further intraoperative warming. Testing was scheduled preoperatively and 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. Eleven tests were combined into 3 cognitive domains: memory, attention, and psychomotor speed and dexterity. A patient was classified as having a cognitive deficit if a decrease of ≥0.50 SD was realized in 1 or more domains. The incidence of cognitive deficits 1 week after surgery, which was the primary outcome, was 62% ( \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\frac{62}{100}\) \end{document} ) in the control group and 48% ( \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\frac{45}{94}\) \end{document} ) in the hypothermic group (relative risk 0.77, P =0.048). In the hypothermic group, the magnitude of deterioration in attention and in speed and dexterity was reduced by 55.6% ( P =0.038) and 41.3% ( P =0.042), respectively. At 3 months, the hypothermic group still performed better on one test of speed and dexterity (grooved pegboard). There was no difference in morbidity or mortality. Conclusions Our findings support a neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery and should encourage physicians and perfusionists to pay careful attention to brain temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass.