Associations of Long‐Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Constituents With Cardiovascular Diseases and Underlying Metabolic Mediations: A Prospective Population‐Based Cohort in Southwest China

Abstract

Background The health effects of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) might differ depending on compositional variations. Little is known about the joint effect of PM 2.5 constituents on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to evaluate the combined associations of PM 2.5 components with CVD, identify the most detrimental constituent, and further quantify the mediation effect of metabolic syndrome. Methods and Results A total of 14 427 adults were included in a cohort study in Sichuan, China, and were followed to obtain the diagnosis of CVD until 2021. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple metabolic disorders measured at baseline. The concentrations of PM 2.5 chemical constituents within a 1‐km 2 grid were derived based on satellite‐ and ground‐based detection methods. Cox proportional hazard models showed that black carbon, organic matter (OM), nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and sulfate were positively associated with CVD risks, with hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.24 to 2.11 (all P <0.05). Quantile g‐computation showed positive associations with 4 types of CVD risks (HRs ranging from 1.48 to 2.25, all P <0.05). OM and chloride had maximum weights for CVD risks. Causal mediation analysis showed that the positive association of OM with total CVD was mediated by metabolic syndrome, with a mediation proportion of 1.3% (all P <0.05). Conclusions Long‐term exposure to PM 2.5 chemical constituents is positively associated with CVD risks. OM and chloride appear to play the most responsible role in the positive associations between PM 2.5 and CVD. OM is probably associated with CVD through metabolic‐related pathways.