Association of Environmental Injustice and Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States

Abstract

Background While the impacts of social and environmental exposure on cardiovascular risks are often reported individually, the combined effect is poorly understood. Methods and Results Using the 2022 Environmental Justice Index, socio‐environmental justice index and environmental burden module ranks of census tracts were divided into quartiles (quartile 1, the least vulnerable census tracts; quartile 4, the most vulnerable census tracts). Age‐adjusted rate ratios (RRs) of coronary artery disease, strokes, and various health measures reported in the Prevention Population‐Level Analysis and Community Estimates data were compared between quartiles using multivariable Poisson regression. The quartile 4 Environmental Justice Index was associated with a higher rate of coronary artery disease (RR, 1.684 [95% CI, 1.660–1.708]) and stroke (RR, 2.112 [95% CI, 2.078–2.147]) compared with the quartile 1 Environmental Justice Index. Similarly, coronary artery disease 1.057 [95% CI,1.043‐1.0716] and stroke (RR, 1.118 [95% CI, 1.102–1.135]) were significantly higher in the quartile 4 than in the quartile 1 environmental burden module. Similar results were observed for chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of health insurance, sleep <7 hours per night, no leisure time physical activity, and impaired mental and physical health >14 days. Conclusions The prevalence of CVD and its risk factors is highly associated with increased social and environmental adversities, and environmental exposure plays an important role independent of social factors.